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Journal Article
Model-based test case prioritization using selective and even-spread count-based methods with scrutinized ordering criterion
PLOS ONE
Regression testing is crucial in ensuring that modifications made did not introduce any adverse effect on the software being modified. However, regression testing suffers from execution cost and time consumption problems. Test case prioritization (T...
/Computer and information sciences/Computer applications/Web-based applications/Computer and information sciences/Computer networks/Internet/Computer and information sciences/Data management/Data visualization/Infographics/Graphs/Computer and information sciences/Software engineering/Computer software/Computer and information sciences/Software engineering/Source code
Difficult (12.0)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229312
Journal Article
Comparison of antigen- and RT-PCR-based testing strategies for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in two high-exposure settings
PLOS ONE
Surveillance testing for infectious disease is an important tool to combat disease transmission at the population level. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, RT-PCR tests have been considered the gold standard due to their high sensitivity and specificit...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2/Biology and life sciences/Molecular biology/Molecular biology techniques/Artificial gene amplification and extension/Polymerase chain reaction/Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Reflexes/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2
Difficult (12.2)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253407
Journal Article
Validation of a series of walking and stepping tests to predict maximal oxygen consumption in adults aged 18–79 years
PLOS ONE
Introduction: Field tests to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) are an alternative to traditional exercise testing methods. Published field tests and their accompanying estimation equations account for up to 80% of the variance in VO2max wi...
/Biology and life sciences/Bioengineering/Biotechnology/Medical devices and equipment/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Biological locomotion/Walking/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Physiological processes/Respiration/Oxygen consumption/Biology and life sciences/Sports science/Sports and exercise medicine/Exercise/Engineering and technology/Bioengineering/Biotechnology/Medical devices and equipment
Difficult (13.4)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264110
Journal Article
Evaluation of COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing in Lesotho and Zambia
PLOS ONE
Introduction: The use of antigen rapid tests (Ag-RDTs) for self-testing is an important element of the COVID-19 control strategy and has been widely supported. However, scale-up of self-testing for COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa is still insufficient...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2/Engineering and technology/Equipment/Detectors/Biosensors/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine/Virus testing
Very Difficult (16.1)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280105
Journal Article
Facilitators and barriers for HIV-testing in Zambia: A systematic review of multi-level factors
PLOS ONE
It was estimated that 1.2 million people live with HIV/AIDS in Zambia by 2015. Zambia has developed and implemented diverse programs to reduce the prevalence in the country. HIV-testing is a critical step in HIV treatment and prevention, especially ...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV
Moderate (10.8)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192327
Journal Article
Negatively-Marked MCQ Assessments That Reward Partial Knowledge Do Not Introduce Gender Bias Yet Increase Student Performance and Satisfaction and Reduce Anxiety
PLoS ONE
Multiple-choice question (MCQ) examinations are increasingly used as the assessment method of theoretical knowledge in large class-size modules in many life science degrees. MCQ-tests can be used to objectively measure factual knowledge, abi...
/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Genomics/Genomic medicine/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Learning/Human learning/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Learning and memory/Learning/Human learning/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Learning/Human learning
Very Difficult (15.6)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055956
Journal Article
Effect of testing criteria for infectious disease surveillance: The case of COVID-19 in Norway
PLOS ONE
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway, the testing criteria and capacity changed numerous times. In this study, we aim to assess consequences of changes in testing criteria for infectious disease surveillance. We plotted the proportion of positive ...
/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine/Virus testing/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Disease surveillance/Infectious disease surveillance/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Infectious disease epidemiology/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medical risk factors
Difficult (13.2)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308978
Journal Article
HIV and Syphilis Testing Preferences among Men Who Have Sex with Men in South China: A Qualitative Analysis to Inform Sexual Health Services
PLOS ONE
Background: Health services for men who have sex with men (MSM) are inadequate in many areas around the world. HIV and syphilis test uptake remain suboptimal among MSM in China and many other regions. To inform the development of more comprehensive s...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV
Difficult (13.6)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124161
Journal Article
Performance of Rapid Point-of-Care and Laboratory Tests for Acute and Established HIV Infection in San Francisco
PLoS ONE
Background: Current laboratory and point-of-care tests for HIV detect different analytes and use different sample types. Some have fast turnaround times (<1 hour). We investigated how HIV test choice could impact case finding by testing programs. Met...
/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Blood/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Immune system proteins/Antibodies/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune system proteins/Antibodies/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/HIV-1
Moderate (9.4)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080629
Journal Article
Acceptance of Home-Based Chlamydia Genital and Anorectal Testing Using Short Message Service (SMS) in Previously Tested Young People and Their Social and Sexual Networks
PLOS ONE
Background: Control strategies for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are most effective when targeting people at highest risk. We assessed test acceptance of home-collection test kits offered by short messaging services (SMS) texts, in high-risk young peopl...
/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Urine/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Nucleic acids/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Chlamydia trachomatis/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Chlamydia/Chlamydia trachomatis/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Body fluids/Urine
Difficult (13.2)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133575
Journal Article
Piglets Learn to Use Combined Human-Given Visual and Auditory Signals to Find a Hidden Reward in an Object Choice Task
PLOS ONE
Although animals rarely use only one sense to communicate, few studies have investigated the use of combinations of different signals between animals and humans. This study assessed for the first time the spontaneous reactions of piglets to human po...
/Biology and life sciences/Bioacoustics/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Learning/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Vision/Visual signals/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Learning and memory/Learning/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Sensory perception/Vision/Visual signals
Difficult (13.3)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164988
Journal Article
Factors Associated with Willingness to Accept Oral Fluid HIV Rapid Testing among Most-at-Risk Populations in China
PLoS ONE
Background: The availability of oral fluid HIV rapid testing provides an approach that may have the potential to expand HIV testing in China, especially among most-a-risk populations. There are few investigations about the acceptability of oral fluid...
/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV
Very Difficult (15.6)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080594
Journal Article
A qualitative study of secondary distribution of HIV self-test kits by female sex workers in Kenya
PLOS ONE
Promoting awareness of serostatus and frequent HIV testing is especially important among high risk populations such as female sex workers (FSW) and their sexual partners. HIV self-testing is an approach that is gaining ground in sub-Saharan Africa a...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognition/Decision making/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Decision making/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Learning/Human learning
Very Difficult (15.9)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174629
Journal Article
Direct provision versus facility collection of HIV self-tests among female sex workers in Uganda: A cluster-randomized controlled health systems trial
PLOS Medicine
Background: HIV self-testing allows HIV testing at any place and time and without health workers. HIV self-testing may thus be particularly useful for female sex workers (FSWs), who should test frequently but face stigma and financial and time barrie...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV
Very Difficult (14.8)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002458
Journal Article
Combined multiplex panel test results are a poor estimate of disease prevalence without adjustment for test error
PLOS Computational Biology
Multiplex panel tests identify many individual pathogens at once, using a set of component tests. In some panels the number of components can be large. If the panel is detecting causative pathogens for a single syndrome or disease then we might esti...
/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Urine/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Body fluids/Urine/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Urine/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medical risk factors
Difficult (13.3)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012062
Journal Article
Preferences for HIV testing services among men who have sex with men in the UK: A discrete choice experiment
PLOS Medicine
Background: In the UK, approximately 4,200 men who have sex with men (MSM) are living with HIV but remain undiagnosed. Maximising the number of high-risk people testing for HIV is key to ensuring prompt treatment and preventing onward infection. This...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV
Difficult (11.7)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002779
Journal Article
Willingness to Use the Oral Fluid HIV Rapid Test among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing, China
PLoS ONE
Background: Early detection of HIV infection enables timely care and treatment. However, many men who have sex with men (MSM) remain unaware of their HIV status because they do not or are unable to access HIV testing services. Oral fluid HIV rapid te...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV
Moderate (9.4)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064652
Journal Article
Four methods for estimating hepatitis C incidence using extant testing data
PLOS One
Background: Accurate estimation of hepatitis C (HCV) incidence is crucial for measuring progress towards HCV elimination targets set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Extant HCV antibody (Ab) and RNA test results are widely used to estimate HCV...
/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Flaviviruses/Hepacivirus/Hepatitis C virus/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Hepatitis viruses/Hepatitis C virus/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV
Very Difficult (18.4)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0335115
Journal Article
Is “no test is better than a bad test”? Impact of diagnostic uncertainty in mass testing on the spread of COVID-19
PLOS ONE
Testing is viewed as a critical aspect of any strategy to tackle epidemics. Much of the dialogue around testing has concentrated on how countries can scale up capacity, but the uncertainty in testing has not received nearly as much attention beyond ...
/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Immune system proteins/Antibodies/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune system proteins/Antibodies/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immunity/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Immune physiology/Antibodies/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine
Very Difficult (15.5)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240775
Journal Article
Feasibility and robustness of an oral HIV self-test in a rural community in South-Africa: An observational diagnostic study
PLOS ONE
Background: HIV-self-testing (HIVST) could be a strategy to get more people tested for HIV in resource limited settings. One of the prerequisites of a successful HIVST programme is the availability of an easy to use, valid HIV-test which is robust ag...
/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Immune system proteins/Antibodies/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune system proteins/Antibodies/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Vaccination and immunization/Antiviral therapy/Antiretroviral therapy/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV
Very Difficult (15.0)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215353